Compostable vs. Plastic: Which Has the Lower Carbon Footprint?

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by Luca Di Paolo, Simona Abbate, Eliseo Celani, Davide Di Battista and Giovanni Candeloro

Reducing the carbon footprint of packaging is a growing concern for businesses and consumers alike. An independent study published in Sustainability (MDPI, 2022) clearly shows that compostable packaging significantly outperforms traditional plastic, such as LDPE (low-density polyethylene), in terms of environmental impact. The study found that compostable alternatives can reduce carbon emissions by up to 70% compared to standard plastic packaging.

This matters for companies looking to cut emissions and for anyone wanting to reduce their environmental footprint. By switching to eco-friendly packaging like compostable or biodegradable packaging, businesses can make a meaningful difference—not just in waste reduction, but in the fight against climate change.

What the Study Compared

The study used a method called Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which evaluates the environmental impact of products from production through disposal. It compared conventional plastic items made from fossil fuels (like LDPE) with certified compostable alternatives made from renewable, plant-based materials.

The results were striking:

• LDPE plastic packaging produces about 78 kg of CO₂ emissions per kg of material.

• Compostable packaging produced only around 21 kg of CO₂ per kg, a reduction of more than two-thirds.

This large difference is mainly due to the use of renewable materials and the end-of-life outcomes of the packaging.

End-of-Life Makes a Big Difference

How packaging is disposed of plays a major role in its overall carbon footprint. LDPE plastic is difficult to recycle and is often sent to landfill or incinerated, both of which generate greenhouse gases and contribute to long-term environmental problems.

In contrast, compostable and biodegradable packaging is designed to break down naturally. When composted properly—either at home or in an industrial facility—it releases far fewer emissions and avoids contributing to plastic pollution. It can also return nutrients to the soil, adding a circular benefit.

Why This Matters for Sustainable Packaging

With growing pressure to reduce emissions and eliminate plastic waste, many businesses are rethinking their packaging choices. This study supports the case for compostable packaging as a credible low-carbon alternative to traditional plastics. It’s not just about being biodegradable—it’s about significantly reducing the climate impact of packaging at every stage.

For companies aiming to improve their environmental performance, reduce their carbon footprint, or meet sustainability goals, eco-friendly packaging made from compostable materials offers a clear advantage.

In Summary: Compostable packaging can cut carbon emissions by over 70% compared to LDPE plastic, especially when properly composted. It's a practical step toward more sustainable packaging solutions that reduce both waste and climate impact.